Pathological Mechanism of Diabetes Based on NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

As people's living standards improve， the development trend of diabetes has gradually become severe. Diabetes is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with abnormal expression of nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-κB） in patients. NF-κB exists in various tissue cells and participates in the regulation of a variety of genes related to immune function and inflammation. Varieties of factors can activate NF-κB when the body is stimulated by external factors， so as to produce inflammation and other reactions. Previous studies on NF-κB mainly focus on cancer， and the pathological mechanism of the treatment of diabetes by related signaling pathways and the progress of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） treatment have not been systematically elaborated on. By referring to the relevant literature in China and abroad， it was found that NF-κB is not isolated in the development and progression of diabetes but is associated with signal molecules related to inflammation， oxidative stress， and energy metabolism， and it is involved in mediating inflammation， pancreatic β cell apoptosis， insulin signal transduction， and other physiological functions. Therefore， blocking the transmission of NF-κB signaling pathway is beneficial to the treatment of diabetes. At present， Western medicine for the treatment of diabetes mainly includes oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin injections， but the adverse reactions are obvious. TCM has been characterized by multi-target， extensive action， and excellent curative effects in the treatment of diabetes. TCM and its compounds with functions of tonifying Qi and promoting blood circulation， regulating qi and eliminating phlegm， clearing heat and detoxifying， and nourishing Yin and moistening dryness can effectively intervene in the abnormal expression of NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo through anti-inflammatory effects. In this paper， the association between NF-κB signaling pathway and diabetes was summarized， and the modern research progress of TCM intervention of NF-κB signaling pathway in the treatment of diabetes in the past five years was reviewed， so as to lay a laboratory foundation for the study of a new pathological mechanism of diabetes based on NF-κB signaling pathway and provide new targets and research direction for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and development of related TCM.

Characterization of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 and 8 in rat superior cervical ganglion and their changes following chronic intermittent hypoxia / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the expression and localization of metabotropic glutamate receptors 7 and 8 (mGluR7/8) in rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and their changes in response to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH).@*METHODS@#We detected the expressions of mGluR7 and mGluR8 in the SCG of 8-week-old male SD rats using immunohistochemistry and characterized their distribution with immunofluorescence staining. The expression of mGluR7 and mGluR8 in the cytoplasm and nucleus was detected using Western blotting. A 6-week CIH rat model was established by exposure to intermittent hypoxia (6% oxygen for 30 s followed by normoxia for 4 min) for 8 h daily, and the changes in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure were measured. The effect of CIH on expression levels of mGluR7 and mGluR8 in the SCG was analyzed using Western blotting.@*RESULTS@#Positive expressions of mGluR7 and mGluR8 were detected in rat SCG. mGluR7 was distributed in the neurons and small fluorescent (SIF) cells with positive staining in both the cytoplasm and nuclei, but not expressed in satellite glial cells (SGCs), nerve fibers or blood vessels; mGluR8 was localized in the cytoplasm of neurons and SIF cells, but not expressed in SGCs, nerve fibers, or blood vessels. Western blotting of the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of rat SCG further confirmed that mGluR7 was expressed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, while mGluR8 exists only in the cytoplasm. Exposure to CIH significantly increased systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure of the rats (all P < 0.001) and augmented the protein expressions of mGluR7 and mGluR8 in the SCG (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#mGluR7 and mGluR8 are present in rat SCG but with different localization patterns. CIH increases blood pressure of rats and enhanced protein expressions of mGluR7 and mGluR8 in rat SCG.

Rutin Promotes Browning of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes and Its Mechanism / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of rutin on the browning of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and the mechanism. MethodCell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay was used to detect the effect of different concentration of rutin （3.125， 6.25， 12.5， 25， 50， 100， 200 μmol·L-1） on 3T3-L1 cell activity， and Western blot to examine the effect of rutin （12.5， 25， 50 μmol·L-1） on the expression of thermogenesis-associated proteins uncoupling protein 1 （UCP1）， PR domain containing 16 （PRDM16） and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α （PGC-1α） in adipocytes. After the optimal concentration of rutin was determined， the effect of rutin on lipid droplet formation in adipocytes was observed based on oil red O staining， and the expression of nuclear respiratory factor 1 （NRF1）， nuclear respiratory factor 2 （NRF2） and mitochondrial transcription factor A （TFAM）， which were the landmark proteins of mitochondrial biosynthesis， was detected by Western blot. ResultCompared with the blank group， 200 μmol·L-1 rutin inhibited 3T3-L1 cell activity （P<0.01）. Compared with the blank group， at the concentration of 12.5， 25， 50 μmol·L-1 rutin significantly promoted the expression of thermogenesis-associated proteins （UCP1， PRDM16， and PGC-1α） （P<0.01）， which was determined as the optimal concentration. Compared with the blank group， 50 μmol·L-1 rutin significantly increased the immunofluorescence intensity of mitochondrial UCP1 protein in 3T3-L1 cells （P<0.01） and the expression of the markers of mitochondrial biosynthesis （NRF1， NRF2， and TFAM） （P<0.01）. In addition， 50 μmol·L-1 rutin significantly inhibited lipid droplet formation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes （P<0.01）. ConclusionRutin inhibited lipid droplet deposition in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and increased the expression of thermogenesis-related proteins （UCP1， PRDM16， and PGC-1α） and markers of mitochondrial biosynthesis （NRF1， NRF2， and TFAM）， thereby inducing the browning of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This lays a basis for the development of drugs that safely regulate the browning of white cells.

Geju Hugan Tablets Ameliorate Alcohol-induced Liver Injury in Mice by Regulating NF-κB and Bcl-2/Bax Signaling Pathways / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the protective effect of Geju Hugan tablets on the liver of mice with alcohol-induced liver injury， and explore the underlying mechanism based on nuclear factor-κB p65 （NF-κB p65） and B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）/Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax） signaling pathways. MethodAccording to the body weight， 60 SPF-grade male ICR mice were randomized into normal， model， Compound Yiganling tablets （0.16 g·kg-1）， and low-， medium-， and high-dose （0.2， 0.4， 0.8 g·kg-1， respectively） Geju Hugan tablets groups. The drugs were administrated at the corresponding doses by gavage， and the normal and model groups with equal volume of pure water once a day for 28 consecutive days. On day 29， the mice in other groups except the normal group were administrated with liquor （53% Vol） by gavage twice a day at the doses of 20， 10 mL·kg-1 and with the interval of 6 h. Samples were harvested on day 30. The histopathological changes in the liver were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， and the ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to measure the levels of malonaldehyde （MDA）， reduced glutathione （GSH）， and triglycerides （TG） in the liver tissue and the levels of alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） in the serum. Western blotting was employed to determine the protein levels of NF-κB p65， phosphorylated p-inhibitor kappa B alpha （p-IκBα）， Bcl-2， and Bax in the liver tissue. ResultCompared with the normal group， the model group showed increases in the ALT， AST， MDA， and TG levels， a decrease in the GSH level， and increases in the liver injury scores evaluated based on the HE， oil red O， and transmission electron microscopy （P<0.01）. Moreover， the model group showed up-regulated expression of NF-κB， p-IκBα， and Bax （P<0.05， P<0.01） and down-regulated expression of Bcl-2 （P<0.05） in the liver tissue. Compared with the model group， Geju Hugan tablets of all the doses lowered the ALT， AST， MDA， and TG levels and elevated the GSH level （P<0.01）. The liver injury scores assessed based on HE staining and transmission electron microscopy in the medium- and high-dose Geju Hugan tablets groups were lower than those in the model group （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， medium- and high-dose Geju Hugan tablets down-regulated the protein levels of NF-κB， p-IκBα， and Bax （P<0.01） and all doses of Geju Hugan tablets up-regulated the protein level of Bcl-2 （P<0.01）. ConclusionGeju Hugan tablets protect mice from alcohol-induced liver injury by down-regulating NF-κB signaling pathway to alleviate inflammation in the liver tissue and down-regulating the expression of Bax and up-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 to inhibit hepatocyte apoptosis.

TGF-β-related Signaling Pathways in Pathogenesis of Diabetes and Prospect of Chinese Medicine Intervention： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The incidence of diabetes has been on the rise as the result of lifestyle changes， especially the high-fat diet and reduced exercise. Thus， it has become a global public health problem and it is an urgent task to explore effective therapy. There has been an explosion of research on the relationship of transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β） signaling pathways with diabetes complications and tumors， but the role of the pathways in the occurrence and progression of diabetes remains unclear. TGF-β signaling pathways can be activated by many factors， directly or indirectly leading to the apoptosis of islet β cells and insulin resistance （IR）， and thus they are expected to become new targets for the treatment of diabetes. TGF-β-related signaling pathways involve AMP-activated proteinkinase （AMPK）， protooncogene （c-Myc）， Ski-relatednovel protein N （SnoN）， Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 1 （Smurf1）， miR-335-5p， and other signaling molecules. They participate in the occurrence and development of IR， apoptosis of islet β cells， insulin secretion disorder， fibrosis of adipocytes， and metabolic disorder of adipocytes， and inhibit the browning of white adipose tissue， playing an important part in the pathological process of human diabetes. According to traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， the pathogenesis of diabetes is the deficiency of Qi and Yin， and the late stage is characterized by the syndrome of Qi deficiency， and Yang deficiency and blood stasis， which should be treated according to the principle of replenishing Qi and nourishing Yin， warming Yang and activating blood. It has been found that the efficacy of some Chinese medicinals and compound prescriptions on diabetes is closely related to the TGF-β signaling pathways. This paper reviews TGF-β-associated signaling pathways， elucidating the roles of them in pathogenesis of diabetes， and analyzes the relationship of TGF-β-associated signaling pathways with the effect of compound Chinese medicine prescriptions against diabetes. This study is expected to lay a theoretical basis for the research on the treatment diabetes.

Total Flavonoids of Mulberry Leaves Improves Liver Lipid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetic Rats by Regulating PPAR-α/CPT-1 Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the medicinal effect of total flavonoids of mulberry leaves on regulating liver lipid metabolism disorder in diabetes mellitus type 2 （T2DM） rats， and the mechanism based on liver peroxidase proliferators activate receptors-α （PPAR-α） and carnitine palmityl transferase-1 （CPT-1） proteins. MethodTotal flavonoids of mulberry leaves were extracted and purified by ethanol extraction + macroporous resin purification and then identified. T2DM rat model was induced by high fat diet （HFD） + streptozocin（STZ）method. Rats with blood glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol·L-1 were divided into three administration groups with the high dose （300 mg·kg-1）， medium dose （150 mg·kg-1）， and low dose （75 mg·kg-1） of total flavonoids of mulberry leaves for 8 weeks， respectively， to observe the weight and blood glucose of the rats. The pathological changes of rat livers were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Biochemical method was used to detect the levels of total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low density lipoprotein-cholesterol （LDL-C）， and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol （HDL-C） of blood lipid metabolism in rats. The messenger ribonucleic acid （mRNA） and protein expressions of PPAR-α and CPT-1 were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） and Western blot. ResultAfter 8 weeks of intervention of total flavonoids of mulberry leaves， compared with the control group， the food intake， liver index， and fasting blood glucose of rats in the model group increased significantly （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the food intake， fasting blood glucose， and liver index of rats in the administration groups decreased significantly （P<0.01）. The results of HE staining showed that the liver tissue structure of rats in the control group was complete and there was no obvious abnormality. The model group showed vacuolar degeneration and inflammatory infiltration of hepatocytes of rats. There was no obvious abnormality in the liver structure of rats in the administration groups. The results of blood lipid showed that compared with the control group， the levels of TC， TG， and LDL-C increased significantly （P<0.01）， but the level of HDL-C decreased significantly （P<0.01） in the model group. Compared with the model group， the levels of TC， TG， and LDL-C decreased significantly （P<0.05， P<0.01）， whereas the level of HDL-C increased significantly （P<0.01） in the administration groups. The results of Real-time PCR showed that compared with the control group， the mRNA expression of PPAR-α and CPT-1 of rats in the model group decreased significantly （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the mRNA expressions of PPAR-α and CPT-1 of rats in the high-dose group increased significantly （P<0.01）. The results of Western blot showed that compared with the control group， the protein expressions of PPAR-α and CPT-1 of rats in the model group decreased significantly （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the protein expressions of PPAR-α and CPT-1 of rats in the high-dose group increased significantly （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionTotal flavonoids of mulberry leaves can effectively reduce blood glucose and improve liver lipid metabolism disorder in T2DM rats. The total flavonoids of mulberry leaves could regulate lipid metabolism and play a hypoglycemic role by activating and regulating PPAR-α and CPT-1 proteins and promoting oxidative decomposition of fatty acids.

Comparison of incidence rate of anastomotic stricture between conventional anastomosis and double-layers anastomosis after operation of esophageal cancer / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To explore how to decrease the incidence of anastomotic stricture after the operation of esophageal cancer by improving anastomosis.Methods Clinical data of 374 cases aged ＞ 60 years who had undergone left thoracotomy radical resection of esophagus cancer at our hospital from April 2013 to August 2015 were collected.Patients were divided into double-layers anastomosis group (n=187) and conventional anastomosis group (n=187).During process of stapling anastomosis,double purse string anastomosis on esophagus and gastric wall were performed in doublelayers anastomosis group,with no purse string suture in conventional anastomosis group.Incidence rate of anastomotic stricture was compared between the two groups.Results Conventional anastomosis group versus double-layers anastomosis group showed that a mild anastomotic stricture occurred in 17 cases (9.1 ％) versus 7 cases (3.7 ％) (x2 =4.452,P =0.035),a moderate anastomotic stricture in 12 cases(6.4 ％) vs.4 cases (2.1 ％) (x2 =4.179,P =0.041),a severe anastomotic stricture in 9 cases (4.8％)vs.3 cases(1.6％)(x2 =3.099,P=0.078),total number of anastomotic stricture in 38 cases vs.14 cases (x2 =12.866,P =0.000),showing that double-layers anastomosis was relatively superior to conventional anastomosis.Conclusions Double-layers anastomosis can effectively reduce the incidence of anastomotic stricture after surgery.

The expression and clinical significance of hsa-miR-144 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma / 天津医药

Objective To investigate the expression of hsa-miR-144 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and its relationship with clinicopathological features and prognosis. Methods Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was used to detect the hsa-miR-144 in 46 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adjacent normal tissue. The expression of hsa-miR-144 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its difference in the clinicopatho?logical characteristics including gender, age, and tumor size were investigated. The relationship between the expression of hsa-miR-144 and prognosis of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test were used to analyse the differences in survival rates in different pathological characteristics. Results The ex?pression level of hsa-miR-144 was lower in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 0.97(0.22-24.48)×10-6 than that of adjacent normal tissue 8.60(0.09-258.20)×10-6, the difference was statistically significant (Z=2.221, P0.05). There was no correlation between the expression of hsa-miR-144 and prognosis in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcino?ma (rs=0.031, P=0.839). In the survival rate, there was no statistic significance between high expressive of hsa-miR-144 group and low expressive group (P=0.828). The survival rate was lower in patients with lymph node metastasis than that of pa?tients without lymph node metastasis. The survival rates were lower in patients with relatively deep invasion and higher patho?logic stage (P<0.05). Conclusion The expression of hsa-miR-144 is down regulated in esophageal squamous cell carcino?ma, and which is associated with lymph node metastasis and pathological staging of esophageal carcinoma. It shows that hsa-miR-144 may serve as an anti-oncogene in the occurrence and development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Analysis of prognostic factors in patients with recurrent and metastatic esophageal carcinoma / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of this study was to explore the influencing factors of prognosis for recurrent and metastatic esophageal carcinoma, and to provide reference for clinical treatment for these patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinicopathological and follow-up data of 247 patients with recurrent and metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after radical resection were retrospectively reviewed, combined with analysis of prognostic factors in these patients. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the survival, difference between groups was compared by Log rank test, and Cox model was used for multivariate analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 247 recurrent and metastatic patients, locoregional recurrence was in 139 patients (56.3%), distant metastasis in 60 patients (24.3%), and combined recurrence in 48 patients (19.4%). The survival time was 1 to 42 months in the 247 patients, and the median survival time was 10 months. The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rate after recurrence and metastasis was 26.4%, 6.3% and 2.4%, respectively. Univariate analysis indicated that regional lymph node metastasis of the primary tumor, distant lymph node metastasis, clinical staging, interval between operation and recurrence, recurrent and metastatic patterns, and treatment methods after recurrence and metastasis were influencing factors of prognosis (all P<0.05). Cox multivariate analysis indicated that clinical staging of the primary tumor, interval between operation and recurrence, recurrent and metastatic patterns, and treatment methods after recurrence and metastasis were independent factors influencing prognosis (all P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The prognosis of patients with recurrent and metastatic esophageal carcinoma is poor, and it is affected by many factors. Comprehensive treatment is effective in prolonging the survival time of the patients.</p>

Establishment of subcutaneous and orthotopic transplatation tumor model of human esophageal cancer in nude mice / 重庆医学

Objective To establish a subcutaneous and orthotopic transplatation tumor model of human esophageal cancer in nude mice .Methods Fresh tissues of human esophageal cancer were collected and transplanted into subcutaneous places of nude mice .The successfully transplanted primary generation tumor was passed down three times .Then tumor were implanted into the subcutaneous and esophageal submucous tissues of nude mice .The formation rate ,morphology ,invasion and metastasis of tumor were observed .Results The tumor formation rate of subcutaneous transplatation model was 60% ,it was low grade squamous cell carcinoma without lymph node and distant organ metastasis .The tumor formation rate of orthotopic transplatation model was 80% , the morphological characteristics were consistent with human original tumor .Lymph node and organ metastasis could be found ex-tensive .Conclusion We preliminary established effective subcutaneous and orthotopic transplatation tumor model of human esopha-geal cancer in nude mice .It might be an available model for further research of esophageal cancer .

In Vitro Dissolution Feature of Chuangxiong Powder / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To compare the dissolution of Chuangxiong powder in different medium and discuss the dissolution characteristics in vitro of Changxiong powder. Methods The paddle method was adopted, the UV spectrophotometric method was developed to determine the in vitro dissolution quantity of Changxiong powder in five medium (water, 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, acetate buffer of pH 4.5, phosphate buffer of pH 6.8, phosphate buffer of pH 7.4) with ferulic acid as index, and evaluated by drawing the dissolution curve and using the similar factor method and Weibull model. Results The dissolution quantity of Changxiong oral powder in five medium was different. The dissolution quantity in water, 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, acetate buffer of pH 4.5 and phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 was similar and fit Weibull model, but it mutated in phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 and reached the maximum amount at 30 min. Conclusion The dissolution quantity of Changxiong powder is gradually increasing and the time is shorted in the medium from acidic to neutral then to alkaline. Dissolution curve is similar in the acidic and neutral medium. Changxiong powder dissolves out fast and completely in the alkaline medium.

Study on intestinal absorption of multiple constituents under the drug response of Wuwei-Jiangya recipe / 国际中医中药杂志

ObjectiveTo research the intestinal absorption characteristics in rats of multiple constituents,when Wuwei-Jiangya recipe was used in rats and showed reducing blood pressure effects.Methods ① After extracting Wuwei-Jiangya recipe,we fed it to rats once daily,until the blood pressure reduced; ②Establish Wuwei-Jiangya recipe and intestinal absorption of multiple constituents fingerprint by using reverted gut sac method and RP-HPLC fmgerprint.ResultsAfter one week's administration,there was the hypotensive effects and multiple constituents can be absorbed by intestine.ConclusionWhen the drug works,reverted gut sac method for studying intestinal absorption constituents can be used for locking the exposure constituents.

Comparing studies of silybin metabolism in normal rats and liver injury model rats / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To research the metabolism and distribution ofsilybin in normal rats and liver injury model rats.Methods The normal rats group and immunity liver injury rat models were fed with the same dose ofsilybin capsule,and HPLC was used to determine the silybin concentration in biological samples in different time.Results The silybin concentration in the normal group in biological samples was higher than the model group at different time.In the normal group,the consequence of silybin concentration in each viscera distribution from top to bottom was liver＞kidneys＞plasma＞heart,while in the model group the fact was kidneys＞heart＞liver＞plasma.Conclusion The difference of metabolism and distribution of silybin in normal rats and liver damage model rats was obvious.

Studies on metabolism of Chinese materia medica of radix from Paeonia lactiflora Pall / 国际中医中药杂志

ObjectiveTo research the metabolism of components in the Radix of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Methods(①) we established the HPLC fingerprint of water extract of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. and real-time monitored the chemical composition. (②) We established the HPLC fingerprint of rats' serum samples from hepatic portal vein, serum samples from aorta abdominalis and samples of intestinal absorption of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (③) On this basis, using the established methods, I-IPLC fingerprint spectrum of serum samples,the sample of herb, the sample after intestinal metabolism, rats' serum samples from hepatic portal vein and rats'serum samples from aorta abdominalis were analyzed and compared in order to infer the metabolism of components in the Radix of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Results24 compositions were detected, seven of which were metabolized by intestinal flora and could not be absorbed into blood; six of them could not be absorbed directedly into intestinal; eight new compounds were absorbed into blood after bowel metabolism while they were not detected in water extract in Paeonia lactiflora Pall. ConclusionWe could infer the metabolic processes of chemicals of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. in oral administration with this method.

Expression of angiopoietin-2 and its relationship with microvessel density in sqnamous carcinoma of esophagus / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To examine the expression of angiopoietin-2(Ang-2) in squamous carcinoma of esophagus,and discuss the relationship between Ang-2 and microvessel density(MVD)and clinical pathological features of squamous carcinoma of esophagus.Method The expression of Ang-2 and CD34 in 80 squamous careinoma of esophagus and 25 normal esophagus were detected by immunohistochemistry SABC technique,and the MVD of tissues signed by CD34 was counted.Results The expression of Ang-2 in squamous carcinoma of esophagus was,higher than that in normal esophagus (P<0.05).The expression of Ang-2 in the stage O-I and II squamous carcinoma of esophagus was lower than that in stage Ⅲ and lV(P<0.05).The expression of Ang-2 in squamous carcinoma of esophagus was correlated with differentiation of esophageal carcinoma and lymph node metastasis and infiltrative deepness.There was a remarkable posidve correlation between the expression of Ang-2 and MVD in squamous carcinoma of esophagus (r=0.603,P<0.05). Conclusion The expression of Ang-2 may be elated to the development of squamous carcinoma of esopha- gus,and may promote the development of squamous carcinoma of esophagus by promoting angiogenesis in tumor.

Comparison Between Borneol-induced Opening of Blood-brain Barrier and Its Pathological Opening / 中药新药与临床药理

Objective: To observe the difference between borneol-induced opening of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its pathological opening . Methods: The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) in brain microvascular endothelial cells in normal rats and brain-injury rats before and after treatment of borneol was examined by immunohistochemical methods with S-P staining and iNOS antibody. Results: iNOS expression was not different in normal rats before and after treatment. However, iNOS expression was increased in brain-injury rats and borneol could inhibit the expression of iNOS. Conclusion: Borneol-induced opening of BBB is different from pathological opening of BBB. Borneol can increase the pathological opening of BBB and has a protective effect on brain tissue.

Effect of Borneolum on Expression of ICAM-1 in Microvascular endothelial Cells of Rat Brain / 中药新药与临床药理

Methods: The experimental brain injury was induced in the SD rats by free falling object, and the expression of intercelluar adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1)in the microvascular endothelial cells (EC) of rat brain was examined by immunohistochemistry and S-P histochemical methods.The rats were allocated to group A(normal blank control group), group B (administration of Borneolum), group C(brain injured model group) and group D(model rats treated with Borneolum).Results:ICAM-1 seldom expressed or never expressed in the normal rats brain,the administration of Borneolum could not induce its expression,and ICAM-1 expression increased in the injured brain(P